Figure 1.3 — Health of Canadians in a Changing Climate

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Adapted from WHO, 2022, Working paper on measuring climate resilience of health systems; Haines & Ebi, 2019.

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Headlines

Report Overview

Summary

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Glossary

Headline Statements

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Headline Statements

Report Overview

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Acknowledgements
Why This Assessment Is Needed
Report Format
Guide to the Report

Executive Summary

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Climate Change Impacts on Health
Natural Hazards
Air Quality
Infectious Diseases
Water Quality
Risks to Food Safety and Security
Mental Health
Vulnerability to the Health Effects of Climate Change
Current Impacts on the Health System
Adaptation and Preparedness
Making Adaptation Inclusive and Equitable
Adaptation of the Health System
Health Co-benefits of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Actions
Scaling-Up Efforts to Protect Canadians

Climate Change and Health Linkages

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1.1Introduction
1.2Canada’s Changing Climate
1.3Climate Change and Health
1.4Growing Knowledge of Climate Change Impacts on the Health of Canadians
1.5Demographic and Socio-Economic Trends in the Canadian Population
- 1.5.1Population Growth
- 1.5.2Social Capital and Networks
- 1.5.3Racial and Ethnic Diversity
- 1.5.4Economic Disparity and Inequity
- 1.5.5Health Status
1.6Climate Change Impacts on Indigenous Peoples’ Health

Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

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Summary
2.1Introduction
- 2.1.1First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Populations in Canada
2.2 Methods and Approach
2.3Health Inequalities and Indigenous Peoples’ Health
- 2.3.1Gender as a Determinant of Indigenous Peoples’ Health
2.4Climate Change Risks to Indigenous Peoples’ Health
- 2.4.1Natural Hazards
- 2.4.2Mental Health and Well-Being
- 2.4.3Air Quality
- 2.4.4Food Safety and Security
- 2.4.5Water Quality, Safety, and Security
- 2.4.6Infectious Diseases
- 2.4.7Health Systems
2.5Indigenous Knowledges
- 2.5.1Indigenous Knowledges and Climate Change
2.6Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and National and International Commitments
- 2.6.1Roles and Responsibilities in Indigenous Peoples’ Health and Climate Change
2.7Knowledge Gaps
2.8Conclusion

Natural Hazards

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Summary
3.1Introduction
3.2Methods and Approach
3.3General Trends in the Intensity and Frequency of Natural Hazards Influenced by Climate Change, and Links to Health
3.4Average Warming and Extreme Heat Events
3.5Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation
3.6Average Cold and Extreme Cold Events
3.7Drought
3.8Wildfires
3.9Precipitation and Storms
3.10Floods, Coastal Flooding, and Coastal Erosion
3.11Landslides, Avalanches, and Thawing Permafrost
3.12Gaps in the Literature and Uncertainty of Scientific Evidence Related to the Impacts on Health of Natural Hazards Influenced by Climate Change
- 3.12.1Health and Natural Hazards Data
- 3.12.2Type of Natural Hazards Considered
- 3.12.3Direct and Indirect Impacts on Health
- 3.12.4Impacts of Combined Natural Hazard Events
- 3.12.5Cascading Impacts of Hazards and Health System Impacts
- 3.12.6Behaviours and Lifestyle
- 3.12.7Assessment of Adaptation Measures
- 3.12.8Economic Impacts of Health Effects and Adaptation and Mitigation Measures
- 3.12.9Relative Importance of Vulnerability and Protection Factors
- 3.12.10Equitable Representation in the Literature
- 3.12.11Indigenous Populations
- 3.12.12Factors Supporting Adaptation
- 3.12.13Communication on Climate Change
3.13Conclusion

Mental Health and Well-Being

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Summary
4.1Introduction
4.2Key Terms
4.3Methods and Approach
4.4Mental Health Impacts of Climate Change
4.5Populations at Higher Risk
- 4.5.1Indigenous Peoples
- 4.5.2Sex and Gender
- 4.5.3Children, Youth, and Older Adults
- 4.5.4Low Socio-Economic Populations and the Homeless
- 4.5.5People with Pre-Existing Health Conditions
- 4.5.6Occupational Groups
4.6Projected Mental Health Risks and Economic Costs
- 4.6.1Projected Mental Health Risks from Climate Change
- 4.6.2Projected Economic Costs of Health Impacts
4.7Adaptation to Reduce Risks
4.8Knowledge Gaps
4.9Conclusion

Air Quality

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Summary
5.1Introduction
5.2Methods and Approach
5.3Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution
- 5.3.1Particulate Matter
- 5.3.2Ozone
- 5.3.3Populations at Higher Risk
5.4 Interactions Between Climate Change and Outdoor Air Pollution
5.5Air Pollution Health Impacts Due to Climate Change and the Health Co-Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
5.6Climate Change and Air Pollution from Wildfires
5.7Adaptation and Risk Mitigation for Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution
- 5.7.1Outdoor Air Pollution
- 5.7.2Wildfire Smoke
5.8Impacts of Climate Change on Indoor Air Quality and Health
- 5.8.1Building Airtightness
- 5.8.2Impact of Changing Ambient Conditions on the Indoor Environment
- 5.8.3Extreme Weather Events and Wildfires
- 5.8.4Populations at Higher Risk
- 5.8.5Adaptation
- 5.8.6Key Uncertainties
5.9Impacts of Climate Change on Aeroallergens
5.10Conclusion
- 5.10.1Climate Change and Air Quality Health Impacts in Canada
- 5.10.2 Populations at Higher Risk
- 5.10.3Adaptation
- 5.10.4Knowledge Gaps

Infectious Diseases

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Summary
6.1Introduction
6.2Methods and Approach
6.3Climate-Sensitive Health Risks, Projected Impacts of Climate Change, and Evidence of Impacts to Date
6.4Adaptation to Reduce Health Risks
6.5Knowledge Gaps
6.6Conclusion

Water Quality, Quantity, and Security

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Summary
7.1Introduction
7.2Methods and Approach
7.3Climate Change, Water, and Health
- 7.3.1Indigenous Peoples — Water is Life
- 7.3.2Water Quality
- 7.3.3Water Quantity
- 7.3.4Water Security and Society
7.4Projected Health Security Risks and Impacts
7.5Adaptation to Reduce Risks
- 7.5.1Climate-Resilient Water Systems
- 7.5.2Adaptation Options to Protect Water Quality, Quantity, and Security
7.6Knowledge Gaps
7.7Conclusion

Food Safety and Security

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Summary
8.1Introduction
8.2Conceptual Framework and Methods
- 8.2.1Conceptualizing Climate Change, Food Systems, and Human Health
- 8.2.2Identifying, Assessing, and Synthesizing Evidence
8.3Climate Change Impacts on Food Systems in Canada
8.4Climate Change, Food Security, and Health in Canada
8.5Climate Change Impacts on Food Safety in Canada
- 8.5.1Climate Change, Food Safety, and Food-Borne Pathogens
- 8.5.2Climate Change Impacts on Food Safety via Chemical Contaminants
8.6Adaptation to Reduce Health Risks
8.7Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations
- 8.7.1Food Security
- 8.7.2Food Safety
8.8Conclusion

Climate Change and Health Equity

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Summary
9.1Introduction
9.2Methods and Approach
9.3Determinants of Health and Health Equity
9.4Climate Change Impacts on Health Equity
9.5Adaptation
9.6Knowledge Gaps
9.7Conclusion

Adaptation and Health System Resilience

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Summary
10.1Introduction
10.2Methods and Approach
10.3Health Adaptation to Protect Canadians
- 10.3.1Health Adaptation Actors
- 10.3.2Health Adaptation Process
- 10.3.3Health Adaptation Challenges and Opportunities
- 10.3.4Effectiveness of Health Adaptation
- 10.3.5Status of Health Adaptation
10.4Health System Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change Impacts
- 10.4.1Health System Vulnerability
- 10.4.2Economic Impacts of Climate Change Effects on Health and Health Systems
10.5Climate-Resilient Health Systems
10.6Health Co-Benefits of Adaptation and GHG Mitigation Measures
10.7Knowledge Gaps
10.8Conclusion
- 10.8.1Scaling Up Health Adaptation
- 10.8.2Indigenous Leadership and Collaboration
- 10.8.3Working with Other Sectors
- 10.8.4A National Health Adaptation Strategy

Glossary

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